Sports Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sports Management - Essay Example This paper tells that countries have made teams of popular sports and each has their own representative in each respective sport. It has become a multimillion-dollar industry, to say the least (Aaron Smith and Bob Stewart, 1999). Sports like football and formula one are followed more regularly and enjoyed more by people that their religious festivals. Obviously, this means that things have become much more complex. Who will manage the team for instance Who will select the team in the first place from the thousands of talented individuals who have turned to give trials All this calls for some form of organization and proper management of sports. This is where sports management comes in. It is basically there too, well, manage sports. More specifically, this looks at sports from a more business point of view. How can you cash in on sports How to promote certain kinds of sports in the best way possible and which sports to stop chasing because they are just not worth spending a fortune o n? Entering into this field has many options to choose from. You can become a sports agent, who will basically provide you and your team opportunities to come on the stage and prove your worth. From there on then the whole thing will be your own talent. You can go on to become a sports manager, who in a nutshell will manage your team making sure that no member harms the team in any way such as getting caught in match-fixing and so on. If you are good with words then you can become a publicist where you can publicize the team and make it sound better than they really are, in many cases.

Hist101 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hist101 - Research Paper Example Working in a secret Committee of Five, Thomas Jefferson authored the Declaration of Independence. The import of this is that being involved in this effort would have automatically attracted the death penalty for Jefferson and the entire committee, since secession from Britain was considered treasonous. The Declaration of the American independence would go a long way to protect the American ideals of democracy and freedom, than any other document1. Thomas Jefferson was also responsible for the passing of the Statute of Religious Freedom in Virginia. The bill was a landmark and radical piece of legislation since it cemented religious freedom in the US and gave individuals the rights and freedoms to pursue their religious convictions. Jefferson also inspired the founding of the University of Virginia, since he believed in a vibrant nation and personal freedom, as the values which the university would perpetuate. To Jefferson, it is only by making education accessible that the freedoms guaranteed in the Declaration of the American independence and the Statute of Religious Freedom would become meaningful2. It was during Thomas Jefferson’s presidency that Britain conducted search and seizures of US ships and woo many American sailors into joining the British navy. Because of this, America had to repeatedly recruit the navy. At the time, America was not strong enough to parallel Britain’s financial and military might. Thus, this incident could not be apportioned to Jefferson as his failure. Because of this, Jefferson still remains the patron and author of civil rights and freedoms and democracy in the United States. The main difference between Jacksonian Democrats and the Whigs in their understanding of American freedom and politics is that while Whigs wanted to maintain the political and socioeconomic status quo that had been

Links Between Investment in Infrastructure and Job Creation

Links Between Investment in Infrastructure and Job Creation Sourav Roy (13060242044) Sourav Das (13060242043) Saptarshi Maiti (13060242036) Devika Kannan (13060242013) Executive summary The effective tool to create jobs is counter-cyclical spending on infrastructure. As the demand for private sector is weak, the government helps the people with jobs and also aggregate demand. Investments of infrastructure are divided into two parts: Economic sectors include increasing efficiency in transportation, including roads, railways and waterways, Social sectors such as education, water and sewage system. Investments in a local scenario and their impact on development strategies lead to creation of more jobs, greater ownership, and can rapidly boost up the local economies. This is particularly applicable in times of crisis. Decentralized public investment should be favored where ever possible. It is very important to assess the resultant labour output of these investments with respect to its impact on direct as well as indirect and employment, not only to assess their productivity in short run, but also to assess the long run impact on growth and other subsidiary effects. There are number of infrastructure projects in low and medium-income countries which are financed fully or partially by IFI. Institutions like these should make an effort to allow for larger labour participation in infrastructure development. Fiscal decentralization can be defined as a two-dimensional policy: 1). Decentralization of tax instrument. 2). Decentralization of expenditure. The relation between decentralization and government efficiency can be divided into two large areas: a) The classical theory: There are three main contribution where this theory can be restricted, those are Tiebout’s model of local public good provision where decentralization coupled with mobile households solve the problem of the efficient provision of public goods. The second most influential contribution is of Oates’(1972) Decentralization Theorem that involves the tradeoff between centralized and decentralized provision of public goods in favour of former if average preferences across citizen of different region are equal. The theorem stresses on to maximize social welfare. And the last is Leviathan hypothesis where it shows the mechanism for constraining the expansionary tendencies of government mechanism. b) The second generation theory: The effect of fiscal decentralization has been modeled to embody the political process and the possibility of asymmetric information across political agents. Description of Policy Challenges According to the paper, on an average major percentage of total stimuli package in infrastructure is spent in emerging economies as compared to developed economies. The policy-brief paper tried to link infrastructure spending to job creation across economies. In this section the paper mentioned the main challenge of gestation period of the infrastructure projects. It viewed the time differential in processing of such projects as a challenge, as it failed to produce the expected outcomes on the stipulated time during a crisis situation. It later pointed out how infrastructures in different areas bear different results. Infrastructural Investment in rural area created more jobs than in urban areas as the jobs in rural areas are more labour intensive. It said, â€Å"The policy challenge is to match the targeting of infrastructure investments with the targeting of employment creation, be it by category or geographic area.† It explained the challenge with the help of examples of policies in three economies: USA, Indonesia and Egypt. The paper said that in USA infrastructure expenses consists only a minor portion of the total fiscal stimulus. According to the paper, expenditures on infrastructure accumulated up to 30 September 2009 amounted to US$4.44 billion or 2.6 per cent of the total fiscal stimulus during the period. However, according to a few articles in Forbes and Bloomberg Obama is planning to spend highly on infrastructure like science research and education and upgrade bridges, ports and roads to create more jobs. (Runningen, 2013) (Lenzner, 2011). The amount spent by USA in infrastructure is huge but, if we consider the share of infrastructure in GDP is only 2.4%. In USA American Recovery and Reinvestment Act was passed in 2009 which was a stimulus package to help recover the country from the Great Recession. The Act followed Keynesian macroeconomics wherein high public expenditure was necessary for improving the unemployment condition and further economic deterioration. USA’s planned stimulus package after revision was 831 billion dollars and according to Paul Krugman it was too less though he was supportive of the law. (Nobel Laureate Paul Krugman: Too Little Stimulus in Stimulus Plan, 2009) Some of the critics for this policy said that it was too slow and had a huge price tag but according to the data the policy had resulted in decrease in unemployment as the unemployment rate is around 6and half percentage points lower. (Blinder Zandi, 2010) The policy paper further gave examples of Indonesian and Egyptian stimulus package. The Indonesian Government spent 7.6 billion dollars to boost aggregate demand and this spending on infrastructure was 17% of the GDP. Estimation of the government to set a job creation target of over one million workers was surpassed. As for the Egyptian government the stimulus package was worth 2.82 billion dollar in the financial year 2008-09. According to various estimates it stated that the complete stimulus package is expected to create between 661,420 and 729,650 new job opportunities. This section of the policy paper concluded by mentioning that some amount of public expenditure (read infrastructure spending) is good as it helps in growth and development of economy through skill development of the labour and promotion of SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises). It further wrote â€Å"spending cuts in such forms of investment would have a serious negative impact on employment and recovery unless ways could be found to maintain services with reduced costs.† Policy Options to address the challenge The examples illustrated above clearly reflect the issues related to the number of jobs created and the targeting of different sections of labour force. The focus of policy making in this area should shift from the amount of money spent to the number of jobs created relative to the set of employable workers and to the amount of public services provided. A prolonged strategy needs to be developed whose objective would be to provide short term relief from unemployment and long term creation of jobs aiming to meet the structural infrastructure deficits. Measures to guarantee timely implementation Higher public spending in periods of crisis for job creation involves a lag which is inherent in the cycle of identifying, formulating and approving projects. Therefore, objective should be a speedy and timely implementation, as an economy which is already in recession can deteriorate even quickly. The rate at which jobs can be created depends on the type of projects (large construction projects versus small or medium maintenance projects). Another important factor which determines the pace of the projects is the distribution of public tender procedures. A number of countries experience effective execution of public investment at less than 50% of the amount budgeted. Therefore, the short term objective is to achieve full execution of available resources rather than just allocation of additional resources. In order to ensure the timely implementation and to reap benefits from the existing administrational structures, public work schemes can be given additional funds to scale up. Taking up planned infrastructure and improving the efficiency of implementation of works formulated in public investment programmes are few of the features of the fiscal stimulus package. Decentralization of standard administrative procedures and dividing them into small grants at local levels to employ small-scale local contractors, labourers and local resources to efficiently enhance the employment opportunities of the infrastructure component of the packages is often a more effective than centrally planned and executed projects. Targeting Traditionally, the options of targeting were limited in public investment programmes, since majority of the works were generally executed by private enterprises. As objectives of targeting can be influenced to a certain degree through innovations to procurement systems hence, Public Employment Programmes, in which special targeting mechanisms can be applied, play an important complementary role. An important means of targeting constitutes the prioritization of investment projects in areas most affected by crisis. Subcontracting small works to local labourers allows for the targeting of special groups, such as women. In regular maintenance activities, women may take a larger share of job opportunities. Impact of infrastructure spending An investment in infrastructure is the first stepping stone towards the long run development and also takes into account immediate social needs. Generally, investments in infrastructure includes those in economic, such as, improving transportation viz. roads, railways and waterways and social sectors, such as health and education, treatment of water and sewage, and other public sectors. These investments depend mostly on the urgent requirements of the country. A major part of these expenditures can be executed through small-scale or medium-scale enterprises and thereby promoting them. Investments in infrastructure with a focus on the employment have a strong employment multiplier effect, since it leads to job creation both directly and indirectly. Increased usage of local goods and services creates a high indirect employment effect, which in turn leads to higher local incomes and thereby stimulates the local demand and consumption. However, this has to be taken cautiously as the way a job is defined varies from one country to another. There is no valid way to measure the direct employment created because of the fiscal stimulus package, as most countries face problems in gathering reliable data. Therefore, we need a consolidated effort to improving our way of understanding and documentation of the effects, in order to provide better guidance on the measures where the effects of multiplier are most prominent, given the requirements of the particular country. Conclusion Investments in infrastructure should be launched to build up capital for sustainable development and inclusive growth: human capital including skills, employment (including green jobs) and entrepreneurship development, and physical capital such as construction, rehabilitation and maintenance of infrastructure. As told earlier decentralized public investment should be preferred:- First, because decentralized decision-making processes are faster and local population more committed to the projects. It improves targeting and its proper use and maintenance. Secondly, the works undertaken are usually on a smaller scale and involve less expensive tenders, which mean there is less need for heavy machinery. Third, decentralized tenders are more likely to be executed by local firms using workers from the area, thus boosting the local economy as a whole. Because many infrastructure projects in low and medium countries are co- financed by international financial institutions, these institutions should make sure that their regulations allow for an increase in labour content in infrastructure development. Readjusting the design, procurement and contracting modalities of such products could have a major effect on employment. Works Cited Blinder, A. S., Zandi, M. (2010, December). Stimulas Worked. Retrieved from www.imf.org: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2010/12/blinder.htm Council-on-Foreign-Relations. (2014, March 4). Infrastructure. Retrieved from www.cfr.org: http://www.cfr.org/infrastructure/infrastructure/p26178 Lenzner, R. (2011, October 23). A $1.2 Trillion Infrastructure Plan Creates 27 Million Jobs In 5 Years. Retrieved from www.forbes.com: http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertlenzner/2011/10/23/the-u-s-wont-be-able-to-grow-again-until-2016-18/ Nobel Laureate Paul Krugman: Too Little Stimulus in Stimulus Plan. (2009, February 19). Retrieved from http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/nobel-laureate-paul-krugman-too-little-stimulus-in-stimulus-plan/ Runningen, R. (2013, November 9). Obama Urges Infrastructure Spending to Spur U.S. Economy. Retrieved from www.bloomberg.com: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-09/obama-urges-infrastructure-spending-to-spur-u-s-economy.html Spending on transport infrastructure: Latest Data Released. (2013, July 11). Retrieved from www.internationaltransportforum.org: http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/Press/PDFs/2013-07-11Spending.pdf

Six-minute walk test Essays -- Health, Exercise

Six-minute walk test There are many tools to assess functional exercise capacity most of which provide good information about body system. The most popular clinical exercise tests are stair climbing, a 6MWT, a shuttle-walk test, detection of exercise-induced asthma, a cardiac stress test and a cardiopulmonary exercise test) (ATS, 2002). In the past, the functional exercise capacity was assessed by asking patients â€Å"How many flights of stairs can you climb or how many blocks can you walk?†; but, this assessment was a subjective measurement. In addition, the first objective tool was in 1960s which was 12 minute walking test; however, it was so exhausting for patients. As a result from that, a 6 minute walking test (6MWT) was found to be used as an objective measurement tool for functional exercise capacity in patients with mild or moderate respiratory diseases and cardiac diseases (ATS, 2002). Many studies have concluded that 6MWT is inexpensive test andâ€Å"†¦ it is easy to administe r, better tolerated, and more reflective of activities of daily living than the other walk tests† (ATS, 2002). Therefore, this essay will describe the 6MWT and comment on administration, application, reliability and validity based on the literature reviews. Chang (2006) mentioned that 6MWT measures the distance that patients can walk on a flat surface as fast as they can with stops needed by patients within 6 minute. In addition, 6 MWT can reflect the exercise level needed for daily tasks. Morales-Blanhir, Vidal, Romero, Castro, Villegas, Zamboni (2010) showed that the major indications for 6MWT are to measure the response to the intervention given to the patients and it can be used for measuring the functional status of patients, as well as a predic... ...patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction were involved in the study. 6MWT was one of the assessment tools and the authors have done the 6MWT in the beginning then they repeat it after 242 days. The authors have compared patients with high 6MWD with patients with lower 6MWD. As a result, they concluded that patients with lower 6MWD had a significantly greater chance of dying (Morales-Blanhir et al, 2010). The 6MWT is the best indicator of existing types of walk tests of functional capacity for children and it can be used to evaluate cardiopulmonary disease. In 2005 a group of authors have examined 74 patients with a mean age of 14.2  ± 1.2 years, and they concluded that 6MWT can be used to evaluate and assess pediatric patients with cardiac and lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis or bronchiolitis obliterans (Morales-Blanhir et al, 2010). .

Addiction to social networking Essay

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that actions need to be taken to stop the addiction to social networking. Thesis Statement: Being too addicted to social networking can cause some serious problems, so it is necessary to stop it. Main Points: ?.Addiction to social networking has caused serious problems. A. Addiction to social networking leads to distraction while working. B. Addiction to social networking makes us feel isolated in real life. C. Addiction to social networking weakens our ability to think. ?.Some factors contributes out addiction to social networking. A. Technology development gives us the chance. B. Psychological need to express ourselves adds to the obsession. ?.Actions need to be taken to stop the addiction to social networking. A. We can download some app to force ourselves to be focused. B. We should arrange our time for efficiently. C. We should engage ourselves in real-life socializing. See more: Satirical elements in the adventure of Huckleberry Finn essay INTRODUCTION (Attention getter) How many of you know what ‘s the picture I showed on the screen?Actually, it’s an APP for Apple and Android users.It was developed to force ourselves to focus on our study, cutting our obsession with our phone.It works very simple but also very rude.At first, you should set a time, such as 20 min, or 1 h, during which, you expect yourself to focus on your study without any connection to you phone. Once you break the law you set yourself, immediately, the app will automatically send a message to renren, to inform everyone that you fail to concentrate and seek contempt and supervision. .(Relevancy statement) But why we must use the app to force ourselves to get focused? Even at the cost of being abused?Could it be  said that there is something making it a really tough job to be attentive to our daily life?Then what is it ? ?.(Credibility) But why we must use the app to force ourselves to get focused? Even at the cost of being abused?Could it be said that there is something making it a really tough job to be attentive to our daily life?Then what is it ? (Thesis statement) So we must stop our addiction to social networking. ?.(Preview of main points) Today we will analyze the harm, cause of social networking and some tips to help us end it. (Transition) Let’s start with the harm. BODY (Main Point 1)problems But was it worth the time we spent?Of course not.Now I will show the three bad consequences resulted from overuse of social network.They are: Distraction while working, Isolated in real life, Weakening in thinking. (Internal Preview) Now I will show the three bad consequences resulted from overuse of social network.They are: Distraction while working, Isolated in real life, Weakening in thinking. A.(Subpoint 1) There is a research sponsored by harmon.ie and executed by uSamp, showed that almost 60% time for distration are wasted exchanging different windows of social network, email, sms, 45% staff can work continually without any interruption for 15 min and 53%staff at least waste 1 hour on social networking. It’s obvious that distraction has killed most of our efficiency. B.(Subpoint 2) Social networking also makes us feeling lonely in real life. Let’s think about why social networking is developed? What’s its initial aim?In light of the fact that we’re too busy to meet with each other and to involve ourselves in socializing, it gives us chance to communicate through Internet and generally, is aimed at building relationship. But what’s happening now?While get-together, we focus on mobile phones. Then the waiter serves the dishes, we take a photo of the dishes then go on with the phone thing. Some foreigners even ask whether phones in China can test the food is poisonous or not. It may sounds hilarious.Thing really go contrary to our wished. Check the following signals: 1How often do you stay up late for SNS? 2How long do you focus on your phone while real-life socialing? 3Will you be upset without phone? 4Do you often feel I have nothing to say – -? 5Are you  anxious when face-to-face talking? If most of your answers is yes, you had better pay attention to whether your connection with social networking is too much. Don’t be the slave of social networking. C.(Subpoint 3)Do you know the man in the picture?He’s mark bauerlein. He wrote a book called the dumbest generation. In his book, he indicates that digital era is making the young the dumbest generation Nowadays, young people are too engaged in tools for entertainment, such as social networking, mobile phone, and so on. Technology does a vitally supportive job. What do we usually do in SNS? Girls tend to upload their photos, which are carefully elected, to gain respect or admiration or something. short messages are common too. It can show how some one feels instantly. Another function is share. Whatever catches your eyes or whatever you are for, click share, then anyone is informed. (Transition)But what indeed contribute to its burgeoning? (Main Point 2) causes A. (Subpoint 1) Technology development Firstly, nowadays almost every one brings with himself a cell phone, and there is wifi everywhere like in cafe, classroom, bus stop and airports. It gives us the chance. B.(Subpoint 2) Psychological need What do we mostly post on social networking? Photos, short messages. The phenomena implies the need to express ourselves. Also we tend to choose to be defined by others, which results from the lack of self-confidence. (Transition) Given the situation above, people are now working on the solution. (Main Point 3) There are some tips. A.(Subpoint 1) we can appeal to outside forces. B.(Subpoint 2) we should be a good timer. C.(Subpoint 3) we should engage ourselves in real-life socializing. CONCLUSION (Review of main points) On the whole , it is high time that we recognized the significance of ending our attraction to social networking. So As a  result, we should take some effective methods to solve the problem. ?.(Closing remarks) So keep away from your phones or laptops and reach the real-life friends. Thank you! REFERENCE 1.We Are Social 2.harmon.ie 3.Internet

7.3 Time Management †Work File

Name: ____ Date: ____ School: ____ Facilitator: ____ 7. 3 Time Management – Work File Read the course resources in order to complete the following tasks. Read the following quotations. In your own words, explain what each quotation means. (10 points each) 1. â€Å"The amount of time available to you never changes. † ____ 2. â€Å"Learning to manage time is an investment in the future. † ____ 3. â€Å"Before you plan how you will use your time, you need to set your priorities. † ____ Using Course Resources answer the following questions. (10 points each) 4. Discuss the three ways time is wasted and how this can be avoided. a. ____ b. ____ c. ____ 5. What are the 4 keys to time management? a. ____ b. ____ c. ____ d. ____ 6. Choose one of the keys to time management and discuss how you can apply it to your daily schedule. ____ 7. Discuss whether or not writing a list and keeping a calendar would make you more efficient and productive. Why or why not? ____ Also read: Food Safety Work File Setting priorities: Fill in the chart below with at least three tasks in each column. First, set the priority of the task by assigning the highest priority task in each column with the number 1 and work down to the least important of the tasks being number 3. Write a time schedule along with the priority of the task. (10 points each) MUST DO|IMPORTANT TO DO|LIKE TO DO| Ex. 1. Finish health assignments-3:30 PM ____ |1. Turn in additional health assignments-4:30 PM ____? |1. Read additional information on health assignments! 5:00 PM____